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Frequently Asked Questions

• 01. What is the geographical scope of the dataset ?

  The dataset provides information on the financiers of 300+ forest-risk commodity companies with operations in tropical forest countries, in the three main global rainforest basins: Southeast Asia, Central and West Africa and parts of South America.

• 02. Which countries are included under Southeast Asia ?

  Myanmar, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam.

• 03. Which countries are included under Central and West Africa ?

  Cameroon, Gabon, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana and Nigeria.

• 04. Which countries are covered under “Parts of South America” ?

  Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia and Colombia.

  For Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia and Colombia the data is limited to the soy and beef sectors.

  It is our aim to expand the dataset to cover the entire Amazon. However, we have chosen to prioritise Brazil, as this country contains the largest part of the Amazon (62%) and is responsible for over 80% of the Amazon forest loss between 2000 and 2017.

  But the Amazon is not the only biome under threat. The expansion of soy actually occurs mostly in the Cerrado, and pulp and paper companies have a strong impact on the Mata Atlântica. To address these impacts, and to address leakage of activities from one biome to the other, a holistic approach is required. This is why we have also mapped the finance to forest-risk companies in other biomes in Brazil.

• 05. What is the basis of the financial information included in the website ?

  Financial databases Refinitiv (formerly known as Thomson EIKON), Bloomberg IJGlobal, TradeFinanceAnalytics, company register filings, as well as publicly available company reports, were used to identify corporate loans, credit, and underwriting facilities provided to the selected companies in the period 2013-2020 (April).
  Investments in bonds and shares of the selected companies were identified through Refinitiv and Bloomberg at the most recently available filing date in April 2021. These financial databases provide access to real-time market data, news, fundamental data, analytics, trading, and messaging tools. The BNDES Transparency portal and Brazil’s Central Bank portal were used to identify additional financial flows to forest-risk companies in Brazil. Please see the Methodology for further information.

• 06. What was the rationale for selecting the 300+ company groups ?

  The 300+ company groups selected for this study are involved in the supply chains of the beef, soy, pulp, and paper, palm oil, rubber, or timber sectors in Southeast Asia, Central & West Africa, and parts of South America – collectively referred to as ‘tropical forest-risk sectors’. This list is intended to be a representative sample of companies impacting or having the potential to impact tropical forests and is not an exhaustive list of all companies impacting tropical forests. Other factors that led to their selection include the size of the company and land area of operation, access to information on their financing, and known negative impacts of their operations on tropical forests.
  Please see the Methodology for further information.

• 07. Are all of these companies engaged in harmful operations ?

  Not all of the companies selected for the website are engaged in harmful operations. However, all are engaged in large scale operations in tropical forest regions that have a high risk of causing deforestation and associated social impacts. Banks that do business with these companies are therefore highly exposed to deforestation risks.

• 08. Why is Suzano the main recipient of finance and why is it considered a forest-risk commodity company ?

  Suzano is the world’s largest pulp producer and has received roughly one-fifth of the total financing to the tropical forest-risk commodity sector between 2013 and April 2020. The pulp and paper sector is very capital intensive, as new pulp mill construction costs can run into the billions of dollars. In addition, Suzano went through a large merger (with competitor Fibria, in 2018), for which it got additional finance. Due to this combination of factors, it is listed as the largest single recipient of credit.

  Most of Suzano’s operations are not located in the Amazon, but in the Cerrado or the Mata Atlântica biomes, which are very biodiverse biomes and equally require protection. In Brazil, the pulp and paper industry generally uses already converted pastures, to expand eucalyptus plantations on. This means the companies don’t play a major role in direct deforestation or land degradation. However, due to the sheer size of land that the pulp industry requires (some 100,000 ha of plantations per mill), the companies do cause competition for land. By buying up pasture land, they are pushing cattle ranchers to new frontiers such as the Amazon in their search for new, cheap land, thus contributing indirectly to deforestation.

• 09. What is the “Brazil Agriculture Finance Program” ?

  This is a program through which banks provide the rural sector with subsidised credit – “crédito rural” in Portuguese. Publicly available data about this program discloses the amounts disbursed per bank, per state and per sector, but it does not disclose the name of the recipients. The recipients have therefore been grouped together under the name “Brazil Agriculture Finance Program”.

• 10. What does “Small-scale Agricultural Operators Brazil” mean ?

  The database includes over 16,000 small-scale forest-risk companies that received finance from the Brazilian Development Bank BNDES. To simplify the search options, these have been grouped together as “Small-scale Agricultural Operators Brazil”. For information about all the recipients, you can download the full dataset.

• 11. Why is the value of finance for the soy sector relatively low ?

  The methodology we used relies on publicly available data, like company reports and data available in financial databases, which often refers to syndicated loans. For the soy sector, the big traders themselves finance a significant portion of the harvest, and this is not covered by our data.

• 12. Why are the total values for finance to companies operating in Central and West Africa relatively low ?

  The methodology we used relies on publicly available data, like company reports and data available in financial databases. Many of the actors that drive deforestation in Central and West Africa do not require large syndicated financing that is usually recorded in the financial databases. Moreover, they have not listed companies and the company registers in the relevant jurisdiction to not make sufficiently detailed company-level data available. This makes access to information on financial relationships more difficult to obtain when compared to companies that are either listed or are registered in countries where company registers provide detailed company information. Additionally, many companies active in Central and West Africa also obtain finance from sources that are not covered by this dataset, such as from individual financiers.

• 13. How was the bank policy assessment conducted ?

  For our assessment of bank policies, we selected 50 financial institutions with the most significant financial exposure to the forest-risk sector in Southeast Asia, Central and West Africa and parts of South America. The assessments were based only on publicly available information, and each financial institution was given an opportunity to comment on the draft assessment prior to publication. The assessment scores the financial institution on the scope of its policy implementation and the environmental, social and governance standards that are expected of their clients, for 6 forest-risk sectors. The scores are out of a total of 10 points.

• 14. When will the financial data and the policy assessment be updated ?

  In September 2021 we will update the financial data.

  The policy assessment will be updated in 2022.

• 15. What’s the difference between the Forests & Finance policy assessment and that of other policy assessment tools ?

  15.1 Environmental Paper Network Red Lines ?

  The Red Lines assessment is global, whereas the Forests & Finance assessment focuses on companies operating in Southeast Asia; The Red Lines assessment is focused on the pulp and paper industry, whereas forestsandfinance.org covers 4 forest-risk commodities (palm oil, pulp & paper, timber and rubber; and the Red Lines assessment does not give banks a score for their policies, whereas forestsandfinance.org does.

  15.2 Forest 500 ?

  The Forests & Finance policy assessment has more detailed criteria related to deforestation and the protection of human rights, labour rights and traditional people’s rights. Forest 500 has more detailed criteria on the scope of policies, on their implementation at the Financial Institution level and on reporting on them.

  15.3 Fair Finance Guide ?

  The Fair Finance Guide only covers Financial Institutions in 14 countries. This includes Indonesia, Brazil and Japan, but does not include Malaysia, China or the US, countries whose banks play a big role in the financing of deforestation-risk commodities. The Forests & Finance methodology is based on that of the Fair Finance Guide, but includes more “shalls” than “shoulds”. Forests & Finance also has more detailed criteria on biodiversity protection, labour protection, respect for international conventions and tax structures. The Fair Finance Guide includes a requirement for FSC certification, where Forests & Finance requires “credible certification”, and Fair Finance Guide has more detailed criteria on reporting and on chain of custody policies that companies should implement.

  15.4 Trase Finance ?
  

  Audience

  Trase Finance is targeted at a financial audience, providing risk analysis, portfolio assessments, and extensive supply chain mapping.
  Forests & Finance is targeted at CSOs and journalists, providing a fully searchable database and quick links to case studies, reports and articles on the ESG impacts of companies and financiers.

  Scope

  Trase Finance covers Brazilian beef, Brazilian soy and Indonesian palm oil.
  Forests & Finance covers beef, soy, palm oil, pulp and paper, timber and rubber, in Southeast Asia, Brazil and Central and West Africa.

  Data

  Trase Finance only lists outstanding bonds & loans, does not adjust finance by sector nor by region, updates equity data every 3 months, has less data on loans and underwriting than Forests & Finance.
  Forests & Finance lists all loans, issuances underwriting services, bond holdings and shareholdings for which information was found, it adjusts values by sector and region, to provide a more precise view of the finance flows, and it updates data once a year.

  Policies
  

  Trase Finance uses the Forest 500 policy scores. And while the Forest 500 policy assessment does include criteria on FPIC and on labour rights, the focus of Trase.Finance is on deforestation.
  Forests & Finance has its own policy assessment, which though similar, has more granularity on forest and human rights related questions.

  Legal hierarchy and corporate network

  Trase Finannce provides ownership structures as well as maps of the corporate networks, which can be filtered by deforestation risk.

   

• 16. What can investors do to stop deforestation ?

  Investors can take a two-pronged approach by addressing 1) the companies directly engaged in tropical forest-risk sectors and 2) the banks financing those companies. For both types of companies, investors should demand full disclosure of risks and application of robust ESG standards and due diligence processes. See page 4 of the Forests & Finance Brochure for more recommendations for investors.

• 17. What can I do if my bank is financing companies included on the website ?

  As a first step, we recommend you check whether the bank has any policies governing their financing of tropical forest-risk sectors. Our evaluation of major bank’s policies is available here. If your bank is not included in this evaluation, you could check your bank’s website or ask them directly what policies they have in place to protect forests and people through forest-sector lending. Depending on their response, you might want to ask them to implement a policy, or you might want to find an alternative bank. Our research finds that banks with policies are still financing companies linked to deforestation. Therefore, having a policy is not a guarantee of responsible financing, but may indicate the bank is engaging their clients to improve their performance, or, they may be failing to make sure their policies are being implemented by clients. You are welcome to contact us at info@forestsandfinance.org if you require further assistance.

• 18. Who are the organizations that are hosting this website ?

  Forestsandfinance.org is a joint project of the Forests and Finance Coalition, which includes Rainforest Action Network, Tuk Indonesia, Profundo, Amazon Watch, Repórter Brasil, BankTrack, Sahabat Alam Malaysia and Friends of the Earth US. Click on the organization name for more information on what we do individually.

• 19. Why were these 6 sectors selected?

  Forests & Finance focuses on 6 forest-risk commodities sectors, namely beef, soy, palm oil, pulp and paper, rubber and timber. These sectors were selected based on scientific research that identifies these sectors as main drivers of tropical deforestation, within the soft commodities sectors. See for example research by Pendrill et al 2019.

• 20. What exchange rate do you use?

  In order to convert the values of financial transactions from their original currency into USD, we use the exchange rate as provided by Refinitiv, of the day of the transaction. This is done to standardize the format of the database and facilitate comparison. Exchange fluctuations therefore may have an impact on the findings.

• 21. How can I analyze the finance data further?

  It is possible to download the data as a CSV spreadsheet on our Data Deep Dive page. To analyze it further please refer to our data analysis guide.